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| <div style="float:right; margin-left:1em;">
| | The '''open-mid back unrounded vowel''' is a [[vowel sound]]. It’s a [[cardinal vowel]]. |
| {{IPA symbol|ˈ ə|IPA phoneme /ʌ/|stutter /ˈstətər/|Some<br>dictionaries}}
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| {{IPA symbol|ʌ|IPA phoneme /ʌ/|stutter /ˈstʌtər/|Standard<br> }}
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| </div>
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| In English, both in [[Received Pronunciation]] and in [[General American]], the [[IPA]] [[phonetic symbol]] '''/ʌ/''' corresponds to the [[monophthong]] [[vowel]] sound in words like "strut", "nut" and "bus".
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| When this sound is unstressed it sounds [[IPA phoneme /ə/|/ə/]], and conversely, a stressed /ə/ (impossible in American English, very rare in Received Pronunciation) normally sounds /ʌ/; however for many speakers [ʌ] and [ə] are clearly different and any of them can be either stressed or unstressed.<ref>[[John Wells]]'s phonetic blog, [http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/07/strut-and-comma.html STRUT and commA], 13 July 2010.</ref>
| | == Features == |
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| Since /ʌ/ always is stressed and /ə/ never is, in theory there is no confusion if only one symbol is used,<ref>Geoff Lindsey, [http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/british-vowels/ The British English vowel system], 8 March 2012.</ref> and some dictionaries follow that rule.<ref>gdict, [http://gdict.org/define.php?word=stutter stutter] /ˈstətər/</ref><ref>Nice Definition, [http://nicedefinition.com/Definition/Word/stutter/stutter.aspx stutter] /ˈstətər/</ref> In this case /ˈstətər/ for "stutter" must be interpreted as [ˈstʌtər].
| | The open-mid back unrounded vowel has the following features: |
| ==Common words==
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| Some common words which practice the pronunciation of '''/ʌ/''' include the following:
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| * with "'''u'''": bun - bus - but - butter - cut - fun - gun - luck - lunch - run - summer - sun - Sunday - thunder - truck - tunnel - under - up - us
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| * with "'''o'''": {{"o" as /ʌ/|:}}
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| * [[Decoding exercises: "ou"|with "'''ou'''"]]: country - couple - cousin - double - southern - touch - trouble - young
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| * [[homophones]]: none - nun; one - won; some - sum; son - sun;
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| ===Spelling anomalies===
| | * It's an [[open-mid vowel]], which means the tongue is positioned between an open vowel and a close-mid vowel. |
| * with '''"a"''': was /wʌz,{{ame}} wɒz, wəz/ - wasn't /ˈwʌzənt,{{ame}} ˈwɒzənt/ - what /wʌt,{{ame}} wɒt, wət/ | | * A [[back vowel]], which means the tongue is positioned towards the back of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. |
| * with '''"oe"''': does ''(verb)'' - doesn't | | * It is an [[unrounded vowel]], which means that the lips are not rounded. |
| * [[Decoding exercises: "oo"|with "'''oo'''"]]: blood - flood | |
| : with "'''ough'''": enough - rough - tough
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| ==/ʌ/ and /ɜː/== | | == Occurrence in English == |
| See [[IPA phoneme /ɜː/#.2F.C9.9C.CB.90.2F and .2F.CA.8C.2F|IPA phoneme /ɜː/ — /ɜː/ and /ʌ/]].
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| ==Variant pronunciations==
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| *accomplice /əˈkɑːmplɪs{{ame}}, əˈkʌmplɪs{{bre}}/<ref>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/accomplice accomplice].</ref>
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| *from /frɒm,<ref>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/from from].</ref> frʌm{{ame}}/
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| *twenty /ˈtwɛntiː, ˈtwʌntiː{{ame}}/<ref>Random House Dictionary, [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/twenty twenty].</ref>
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| *what /wɒt, wʌt{{ame}}/<ref>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/what what].</ref>
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| *anybody /ˈ{{e}}niːbɒdiː, ˈ{{e}}niːbʌdiː{{ame}}/
| | == Representation == |
| *everybody /ˈ{{e}}vriːbɒdiː, ˈ{{e}}vriːbʌdiː{{ame}}/
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| *nobody /ˈnəʊbədiː, ˈnəʊbɒdiː,{{ame}} ˈnəʊbʌdiː{{ame}}/
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| *somebody /ˈsʌmbədiː, ˈsʌmbɒdiː,{{ame}} ˈsʌmbʌdiː{{ame}}/
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| ==Anticipated pronunciation difficulties depending on L1==
| | In IPA, it has the symbol [ʌ]. Its [[IPA number]] is 314. |
| Preconceived ideas and other interferences from [[L1]] obviously interfere in many cases with how students perceive - and pronounce - sounds/words in English. The following sections aims to point out some of the most typical difficulties teachers and students may encounter regarding pronunciation.
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| ===Spanish=== | | == References == |
| Spelling is a big interference for Spanish speakers, and they may rhyme "null" with "full" and "pull": /nʌl, fʊl, pʊl/ pronounced [nul, ful, pul].
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| See [[Pronunciation exercises: /ʌ/ vs /æ/#Spanish|Pronunciation exercises: /ʌ/ vs /æ/ § Spanish]]
| | <references/> {{index}} |
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| ==See also==
| | [[category:open-mid vowels]] |
| *[[Pronunciation]]
| | [[category:back vowels]] |
| *[[Pronunciation exercises: /ʌ/ vs /æ/]]
| | [[category:cardinal vowels]] |
| *[[Pronunciation exercises: /ʌ/ vs /ɒ/]]
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/ British Library: Learning - Sounds Familiar?]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:IPA phonetic symbols|Vowel /ʌ/]] | |
| [[Category:Vowel phonemes|ʌ]] | |
