Template:When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking/table

Normal case

Two vowels	Rule	Phoneme	As a phonogram	Examples	Exceptions (as a phonogram)
aa	False	/ɑː/	Useless: too few examples	aardvark - bazaar - salaam
ae	Mixed results	/iː/	Useful, but with a lot of exceptions	aecium - aesthete	/eə/: aero - aerial /eɪ/: Mae - sundae /e/: aesthete<am>
ai	True	/eɪ/	Useful	Adelaide, afraid, aid, aim, available, brain, campaign, chain, claim, complain, contain, daily, detail, entertain, explain, fail, faith, gain, hail, Haiti, jail, mail, main, Maine, maintain, paid, pain, paint, rail, rain, raise, remain, retail, snail, Spain, stain, straight, train, trait, wait	said
ao	N/A	Two syllables	N/A		/eɪɒ/: chaos /iːəʊ/: karaoke /əʊ/: pharaoh
au	False	/ɔː/	Useful	cause - author	/ɑː/: aunt - laugh /ɒ/: austerity - Australia
ea	Mixed results	/iː/	Useful, but with a lot of exceptions	beach - bead - beat - bleach - breathe - cheat - clean - cream - creature - deal - dream - each - easy - eat - feature - heal - heat - increase - jeans - lead (verb) - leader - leaf - lean - leave - meal - mean - meat - pea - peach - peak - please - reach - read - repeat - reason - reveal - scream - sea - seal - seat - steal - steam - stream - teach - team - treat - weak	/e/: ahead - already - bread - breakfast - breast - breath - cleanse - dead - deaf - dealt - death - dread - dreadful - feather - head - header - health - heather - heavy - instead - jealous - lead (metal) - leapt - leather - meadow - meant - measure - pheasant - pleasant - pleasure - read (past tense and past participle) - ready - spread - steady - sweat - thread - threat - threaten - treachery - tread - treadmill - treasure - wealth - weapon - weather /eɪ/: break - great - steak
ee	True	/iː/	Useful, almost no exceptions	fee - keep - sleep	/i:/ or /ɪ/: been
ei	Only after "c"	/siː, eɪ/	Complex rule	/siː/: ceiling - conceive - receipt /eɪ/: eight - neighbour - weigh
eo	False	N/A	Too few examples		/iː/: people /e/: leopard /ɪəʊ/: video
eu	False	/(j)uː/	Useful, few examples	euphoria - neutral
ia
cia, sia, tia	False	/ə/	Useful	commercial - controversial - crucial - presidential - politician - specialist
other	N/A	Two syllables	NA		/iːə/: Bolivia - brilliant - civilian /aɪə/: trial /ɪə/: material
ie	Mixed results	/aɪ, iː/	Complex rule	/aɪ/: lies - fried /iː/: chief - field
ii	N/A	N/A
io	False	/ə/	Useful	nation - vision	idiot - onion - violet
iu	N/A	Two syllables			/iːə/: actinium - calcium - Celsius - genius - lithium - magnesium - potassium
oa	True	/əʊ/	Useful	approach, boat, coach, coal, coat, coast, float, foam, goal, goat, load, loan, oats, road, roast, throat, toast
oe	True	/əʊ/	Useful	tornadoes - potatoes - toe	shoe - does (verb) - canoe
oi	False	/ɔɪ/	Useful	choice
oo	False	/uː/	Useful, many exceptions	school - goose	/ʊ/: foot - good
ou	False	/aʊ/	Useful, many exceptions	about - mouth	soup - through; could - should - would; country - double; soul
ua	N/A	Two syllables			/uːə/: actual - conceptual /uːə/: manual
ue	True	/(j)uː/	Useful	blue - clue - continue - due - value
ui	True	/(j)uː/	Useful, many exceptions	bruise - fruit - suite	/ɪ/: biscuit - circuit /uːɪ/: altruism - fluid - ruin - suicide /wɪ/: anguish - liquid - penguin - quick
uo	N/A	N/A
uu	N/A	/jʊə/	Useful	vacuum - continuum - triduum - residuum	/juːʌ/: duumvir /ʊə/: menstruum

Summary of useful phonograms

This table includes "w" and "y" as the second element of a phonogram

Two vowels	Phoneme	As a phonogram	Examples	Exceptions
ai	/eɪ/	Useful	train	said
au	/ɔː/	Useful	cause	aunt - laugh
aw	/ɔː/	Useful	law
ay	/eɪ/	Useful	say
ea	/iː, e/	Useful, but with a lot of exceptions	/iː/ speak	/e/: head and many others /eɪ/: only break - great - steak
ee	/iː/	Useful	keep	been
ei	/iː, eɪ/	/iː/ after c /eɪ/ elsewhere	/iː/: ceiling /eɪ/: eight	height - foreign
eu	/(j)uː/	Useful, few examples	euphoria - neutral
ew	/(j)uː/	Useful	crew - few - new	sew
ey	/eɪ/	Useful, few examples	prey
ia: cia, sia, tia	/ə/	Useful	commercial
ie	/aɪ, iː/	/aɪ/ or /ɪ/ as plural or past tense /iː/ elsewhere	/aɪ/: lies - fried /ɪ/: cities - studies /iː/: chief	friend
io	/ə/	Useful	nation - vision	idiot - onion - violet
oa	/əʊ/	Useful	goat
oe	/əʊ/	Useful	toe	shoe - does - canoe
oi	/ɔɪ/	Useful	choice
oo	/uː/	Useful, many exceptions	goose	/ʊ/: foot
ou	/aʊ/	Useful, many exceptions	about	soup - could - double - soul
ow	/aʊ/	Useful, many exceptions	how	row
oy	/ɔɪ/	Useful	toy
ue	/(j)uː/	Useful	blue
ui	/(j)uː/	Useful, many exceptions	fruit	biscuit - fluid - penguin

Before r

Before r the vowels never actually say their name (except in the case of /aɪə/); however there are useful phonograms

Two vowels + r	Phoneme	As a phonogram	Examples	Exceptions
aar	/ɑː/	Useless: too few examples	aardvark - bazaar
aer	/eə/	Useless: too few examples	aerobic - aeroplane - aeronautical
air	/eə/	Useful	air - chair - dairy - fair - fairy - hair - pair - stair
aor	N/A			/eɪɔːr/: aorta
aur	/ɔː/	Useful only because it coincides with first table; too few examples	dinosaur - aurora
ear	/ɪə/	Useful, but with a lot of exceptions	beard - clear - dear - ear - fear - gear /gɪər/ - hear - near - rear - tear (teardrop)	/eə/: bear - pear - swear - tear (verb) - wear
eer	/ɪə/	Useful, few examples	beer - career - engineer - pioneer - volunteer	comparatives: freer
eir	N/A	Few examples		/ɪə/: weird /eə/: heir - their
eor	N/A	Two different syllables		meteor - theory - theorem
eur	/(j)ʊə/	Useful, few examples	Europe - neuron - neurotic	/ə/: amateur
iar	/aɪə/	Few examples, many exceptions	diary - friar - liar	caviar - peculiar - patriarch - subsidiary
ier	/aɪə, ɪə/	Complex rule	/aɪə/: plier /ɪə/: tier	Comparatives: /iːə/ easier
iir	N/A
ior	N/A	Two syllables		/iːə/ junior - senior - superior - warrior
iur	N/A
oar	/ɔː/	Useful	aboard - boar - board - coarse - oar - roar
oer	N/A	Two syllables		coerce - doer - goer
oir	N/A			choir - memoir
oor	N/A	Few examples		/ɔː/: door - floor - poor /ʊə/: poor
our	/aʊə/	Useful, many exceptions	hour - our - sour	/ɔː/: pour
uar	N/A			/ɔː/: quart /ɑː/: guard
uer	/(j)uːə/	Useful	arguer - bluer
uir	/waɪə/	Only preceded by "q"	enquire - require	/wɪ, wɜː/: squirrel
uor	N/A			fluorine - liquor
uur	N/A