Difference between revisions of "Cot-caught merger"
(balk-Back) |
(→/ɑːr/ or /ɔːr/: Updating link) |
||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
''See [[Pronunciation exercises: "orV" and "orrV"]]'' | ''See [[Pronunciation exercises: "orV" and "orrV"]]'' | ||
| − | The following five words are pronounced with /ɑː/ in this accent.<ref name=Wikipedia>Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/# | + | The following five words are pronounced with /ɑː/ in this accent.<ref name=Wikipedia>Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Mergers_of_.2F.C9.92r-.2F_and_.2F.C9.94.CB.90r-.2F English-language vowel changes before historic /r/ § Mergers of /ɒr-/ and /ɔːr-/]. Retreived 14 May 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/sorry Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary]. Note that this dictionary writes /ɑː/ in "palm" and "lot", and it writes /ɑ/ in "safari". Teflpedia always uses /ɑː/.</ref> Cambridge Dictonaries (“US” label) only agree in three words,<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/borrow Cambridge Dictionaries Online - British English]. We don't reference the American English section, because an unmerged accent is reported there.</ref> marked with <sup>(*)</sup>. |
*borrow<sup>(*)</sup> - morrow<sup>(*)</sup> (shortening of "tomorrow") - sorrow - sorry - tomorrow<sup>(*)</sup> | *borrow<sup>(*)</sup> - morrow<sup>(*)</sup> (shortening of "tomorrow") - sorrow - sorry - tomorrow<sup>(*)</sup> | ||
Revision as of 14:55, 3 November 2016
In many parts of North America (about half the United States and nearly all of Canada)[1][2] /ɑː/ and /ɔː/ sound the same. This is in addition to the father - bother merger, where /ɑː/ and /ɒ/ sound the same. This means that caught /ɔː/, cot /ɒ/, father /ɑː/ and bother /ɒ/ have all the same stressed vowel /ɑː/. In this accent /ɔː/ appears only followed by /r/: north, force.
This accent is so prevalent that it is used in Merriam Webster Learner's Dictionary and in Cambridge Dictionaries Online for British English, US label. Note that Cambridge Dictionaries Online list two different American pronunciations, and only the one that is labeled US has the cot-caught merger.
It can be conjectured that the spread of this merger via mass media has made some particular “modern” words to be pronounced with /ɑː/ even in dialects that have /ɔː/.[3] For example "astronaut" pronounced as /ˈæstrəˌnɑːt/[4] instead of /ˈæstrəˌnɔːt/.
Other names for this merger (better for those who have it) are "LOT - THOUGHT merger" or "PALM - LOT - THOUGHT merger". There is an area in the United States (in New England) where "lot" and "thought" are merged as [ɒ] but "palm"/"father" is different (as [ɑ]). This means that strictly speaking "LOT - THOUGHT merger" and "PALM - LOT - THOUGHT merger" are different concepts.
| Sample word | Merriam Webster's Learner's Dictionary |
Cambridge Dictionaries British English - US |
Cambridge Dictionaries American English |
Most American Dictionaries (if they use IPA) |
Teflpedia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| palm, father | [ɑː] | /ɑː/ | /ɑ/ | /ɑ/ | /ɑː/ |
| start | [ɑɚ] | /ɑːr/ | /ɑr/ | /ɑr/ | /ɑːr/ |
| safari | [ɑr] | /ɑːr/ | /ɑr/ | /ɑr/ | /ɑːr/ |
| lot | [ɑː] | /ɑː/ | /ɑ/ | /ɑ/ | /ɒ/ |
| sorry | [ɑr] | /ɔː/ | /ɑr, ɔr/ | /ɑr/ | /ɒr/ |
| borrow | [ɑr] | /ɑː/ | /ɑr, ɔr/ | /ɑr/ | /ɒr/ |
| cloth | [ɑː] | /ɑː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | /ɒ*/ or /ɒBrE, ɔːAmE/ |
| thought | [ɑː] | /ɑː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔː/ |
| north | [oɚ] | /ɔːr/ | /ɔr/ | /ɔr/ | /ɔːr/ |
| moral | [or] | /ɔːr/ | /ɔr, ɑr/ | /ɔːr/ | /ɒBrE, ɔːAmE/ |
| force | [oɚ] | /ɔːr/ | /ɔr, oʊr/ | /ɔr/ and sometimes /oʊr/ | /ɔːr/ |
| glory | [or] | /ɔːr/ | /ɔr, oʊr/ | /ɔr/ and sometimes /oʊr/ | /ɔːr/ |
Sometimes we mark the CLOTH vowel with an asterisk, as follows:
- *: These words are pronounced with /ɔː/ in General American.
- Homophones
The cot-caught merger generates very few homophones.
- bot (computer program; shortening of robot) - bought; collar - caller; cot - caught; don (put clothes on)/Don (nickname of Donald) - dawn/Dawn; stock - stalk; tot (very young child) - taught;
The PALM - LOT - THOUGHT merger generates even fewer homophones.
- balkAmE - Bach
Contents
Phoneme /ɑː/ in the PALM - LOT - THOUGHT merger
This article is valid in an area in North America where the following words have the same phoneme vowel: "start", "art", "palm", "spa", "lot", "stop", "thought" and "law".
Many people pronounce /ɑː/ and /ɑːr/ with different vowels (e.g. lodge as [lɑdʒ] and large as [lɑːrdʒ]); however since the difference is predictable there is no problem using the same symbol in both cases (e.g. /lɑːdʒ/ and /lɑːrdʒ/).
Common words
Some common words which practice the pronunciation of /ɑː/ include the following:
- with "a": father - iguana - llama - piñata - wad - wander - want - wash - wasp - watch
- with "al": almost - already - alter - always - false - salt
- "al" as /ɑː/: calm - chalk - palm - talk - walk
- with "all": ball - call - fall - hall - mall - small - wall - wallet
- with "ar": are - aren't - arm - art - article - bar - car - charge - dark - department - far - farm - hard - harm - large - market - park - part - party - regard - smart - star - start - warrant - warranty - water
- with "o": Boston - chocolate - cloth - cost - follow - gone - got - hot - job - long - lost - lot - not - office - on - possible - probably - problem - song - strong - stop - wrong
- with "oa": abroad - broad
- with "ough": ought - thought
- past tense and past participle: bought - brought - fought - sought - thought
- with "aw": dawn - flaw - hawk - jaw - law - lawn - raw - saw - shawl - thaw - yawn
- with "au": auction - August - Aussie - austerity - Australia - Austria - author - autumn - cause - clause - daughter - fault - launch
- past tense and past participle: caught - taught
- /ɑː/ or /ʌ/: what
- others: heart - cough
- homophones: bomb - balm; caller - collar; knot - not;
/ɑːr/ or /ɔːr/
See Pronunciation exercises: "orV" and "orrV"
The following five words are pronounced with /ɑː/ in this accent.[5][6] Cambridge Dictonaries (“US” label) only agree in three words,[7] marked with (*).
- borrow(*) - morrow(*) (shortening of "tomorrow") - sorrow - sorry - tomorrow(*)
The following words (and probably others) are pronounced with /ɑː/ by some speakers and with /ɔː/ by others.[8]
- Florida - orange
Anticipated pronunciation difficulties depending on L1
Spanish
In Latin America American English is taught (the United Kingdom is far away). Spanish speakers tend to pronounce /ɑː/ according to the spelling. They will pronounce "palm" as [pam] and "lot" as *[lot].
See also
References
- ↑ William Labov,The Organization of Dialect Diversity in North America, The o/oh merger [i.e. The /ɑː - ɔː/ merger].
- ↑ Wikipedia, Phonological history of English low back vowels § Cot–caught merger. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- ↑ JeffinNYC in Antimoon Forum, "cot" and "caught", page 1, June 22, 2010
- ↑ Random House Dictionary in Dictionary.com, astronaut.
- ↑ Wikipedia, English-language vowel changes before historic /r/ § Mergers of /ɒr-/ and /ɔːr-/. Retreived 14 May 2015.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. Note that this dictionary writes /ɑː/ in "palm" and "lot", and it writes /ɑ/ in "safari". Teflpedia always uses /ɑː/.
- ↑ Cambridge Dictionaries Online - British English. We don't reference the American English section, because an unmerged accent is reported there.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. Note that when this dictionary writes /or/ Teflpedia writes /ɔːr/.
