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D phoneme /d/
The D phoneme /d/ is a consonant phoneme that’s one of the standard English phonemes.[1]
Naming[edit | edit source]
Naming this phoneme, like other consonant phonemes, is somewhat difficult. It could be called the D phoneme after the letter D, or duh after its sound when initial.
Classification[edit | edit source]
This can be classified as Consonant phoneme > Plosive phoneme > Alveolar plosive phoneme.
Representation[edit | edit source]
In phonemic notation using the International Phonetic Alphabet, the D phoneme is represented by lowercase D, ⟨d⟩ as its IPA symbol. This has the IPA number 104. In SAMPA and X-SAMPA, d is also used. In IPA Braille, ⠙ (145) is used, which is also used for letter D in standard Braille.
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
It forms initial consonant clusters; initial consonant cluster /dr/, initial consonant cluster /dw/. And final consonant clusters Final consonant cluster /bd/, Final consonant cluster /dz/, Final consonant cluster /gd/, Final consonant cluster /md/, Final consonant cluster /nd/, Final consonant cluster /ndz/, Final consonant cluster /vd/, Final consonant cluster /ðd/, Final consonant cluster /ðz/, Final consonant cluster /ŋd/, and Final consonant cluster /ʤd/.
Pronunciation[edit | edit source]
This is commonly pronounced as an unaspirated voiced alveolar plosive [d]. It has an allophone, alveolar flap [ɾ], which can occur medially in some accents.
Spelling[edit | edit source]
Spelling is typically ⟨d⟩, or ⟨dd⟩. Rarely, it can be ⟨dh⟩ or ⟨bd⟩.
| Phonogram | Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ⟨d⟩ | dam, dim, etc, etc, et. | |
| ⟨dd⟩ | adder, bidder, bidding, odder, oddly, middling, udder | |
| ⟨dh⟩ | dharma, Dhaka, dhow, Gandhi, jodhpurs, sandhi, Sindh, yodh | |
| ⟨bd⟩ | bdelloid rotifer, |
